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<title>Polyether ether ketone</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Polyether ether ketone</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"PEEK" redirects here. For the command in computing, see <a href="PEEK_and_POKE" title="PEEK and POKE">PEEK and POKE</a>.</div>

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<caption>Polyether ether ketone

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<th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Identifiers

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<td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></div>

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</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=31694-16-3">31694-16-3</a></span></li></ul></div>

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<td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></div>

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<th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Properties

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<td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></div>

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<td><a href="Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a>

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<td>288.3 g/mol

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<td><a href="Density" title="Density">Density</a>

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<td><a href="Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a>

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<td>343 °C (649 °F; 616 K)

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<th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Related compounds

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<td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related compounds</div>

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<td><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="Hydroquinone" title="Hydroquinone">Hydroquinone</a></li><li><a href="4%2C4'-Difluorobenzophenone" title="4,4'-Difluorobenzophenone">4,4'-Difluorobenzophenone</a></li></ul></div>

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<td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#f8eaba; color:inherit; border:1px solid #a2a9b1;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their <a href="Standard_state" title="Standard state">standard state</a> (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).</div>

<div style="margin-top: 0.3em; text-align: center;">Infobox references</div>

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</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Polyether ether ketone</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Density" title="Density">Density</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">

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</style><span class="nobold">(<i>ρ</i>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">1.32 g/cm<sup>3</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Hydroxyl_ion_absorption" title="Hydroxyl ion absorption">Water absorption</a>—over 24 hours</th><td class="infobox-data">0.1%</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Mechanical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Young's_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a> <span class="nobold">(<i>E</i>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">3.6 <a href="GPa" class="mw-redirect" title="GPa">GPa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Ultimate_tensile_strength" title="Ultimate tensile strength">Tensile strength</a> <span class="nobold">(<i>σ</i><sub>t</sub>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">90–100 <a href="MPa" class="mw-redirect" title="MPa">MPa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Strain_(materials_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Strain (materials science)">Elongation</a> <span class="nobold">(<i>ε</i>)</span> <span class="nobold">at <a href="Structural_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural failure">break</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">50%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Charpy_impact_test" title="Charpy impact test">Notch test</a></th><td class="infobox-data">55 kJ/m<sup>2</sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Thermal properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting temperature</a> <span class="nobold">(<i>T</i><sub>m</sub>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">343 °C</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Glass_transition_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass transition temperature">Glass transition temperature</a> <span class="nobold">(<i>T</i><sub>g</sub>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">143 °C</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a> <span class="nobold">(<i>k</i>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">0.25 <a href="Watt" title="Watt">W</a>/(<a href="Metre" title="Metre">m</a>⋅<a href="Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="text-align:left; border-top:#aaa 2px solid"><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Polyether ether ketone</b> (<b>PEEK</b>) is a beige coloured <a href="Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic</a> <a href="Thermoplastic" title="Thermoplastic">thermoplastic</a> <a href="Polymer" title="Polymer">polymer</a> in the <a href="Polyaryletherketone" title="Polyaryletherketone">polyaryletherketone</a> (PAEK) family, used in engineering applications. It was invented in November 1978<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and brought to market in the early 1980s by part of <a href="Imperial_Chemical_Industries" title="Imperial Chemical Industries">Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI)</a>, the PEEK division was acquired through a management buyout, giving rise to <a href="Victrex" title="Victrex">Victrex PLC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synthesis">Synthesis</h2></div>

<p>PEEK polymers are obtained by <a href="Step-growth_polymerization" title="Step-growth polymerization">step-growth polymerization</a> by the di<a href="Alkylation" title="Alkylation">alkylation</a> of bis<a href="Phenolate" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenolate">phenolate</a> salts. Typical is the reaction of <a href="4%2C4'-difluorobenzophenone" class="mw-redirect" title="4,4'-difluorobenzophenone">4,4'-difluorobenzophenone</a> with the disodium salt of <a href="Hydroquinone" title="Hydroquinone">hydroquinone</a>, which is generated in situ by <a href="Deprotonation" title="Deprotonation">deprotonation</a> with <a href="Sodium_carbonate" title="Sodium carbonate">sodium carbonate</a>. The reaction is conducted around 300 °C in polar <a href="Aprotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aprotic">aprotic</a> solvents - such as <a href="Diphenyl_sulfone" title="Diphenyl sulfone">diphenyl sulfone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Polymers,_High-Temperature_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polymers,_High-Temperature-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2></div>

<p>PEEK is a semicrystalline <a href="Thermoplastic" title="Thermoplastic">thermoplastic</a> with excellent mechanical and chemical resistance properties that are retained to high temperatures. The processing conditions used to mould PEEK can influence the crystallinity and hence the mechanical properties. Its <a href="Young's_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a> is 3.6 GPa and its tensile strength is 90 to 100 MPa.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PEEK has a <a href="Glass_transition_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass transition temperature">glass transition temperature</a> of around 143 °C (289 °F) and melts around 343 °C (662 °F). Some grades have a useful operating temperature of up to 250 °C (482 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-Polymers,_High-Temperature_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polymers,_High-Temperature-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The thermal conductivity increases nearly linearly with temperature between room temperature and <a href="Solidus_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solidus (chemistry)">solidus</a> temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is highly resistant to <a href="Thermal_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal degradation">thermal degradation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as to attack by both organic and aqueous environments. It is attacked by halogens and strong <a href="Br%C3%B8nsted_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Brønsted acid">Brønsted</a> and <a href="Lewis_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis acid">Lewis acids</a>, as well as some halogenated compounds and aliphatic hydrocarbons at high temperatures. It is soluble in concentrated sulfuric acid at room temperature, although dissolution can take a very long time unless the polymer is in a form with a high surface-area-to-volume ratio, such as a fine powder or thin film. It has high resistance to biodegradation.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2></div>

<p>PEEK is used to fabricate items for demanding applications, including <a href="Bearing_(mechanical)" title="Bearing (mechanical)">bearings</a>, <a href="Piston" title="Piston">piston</a> parts, <a href="Pumps" class="mw-redirect" title="Pumps">pumps</a>, <a href="High-performance_liquid_chromatography" title="High-performance liquid chromatography">high-performance liquid chromatography</a> columns, compressor plate <a href="Valves" class="mw-redirect" title="Valves">valves</a>, and <a href="Electrical_cable" title="Electrical cable">electrical cable</a> <a href="Electrical_insulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical insulation">insulation</a>. It is one of the few plastics compatible with <a href="Ultra-high_vacuum" title="Ultra-high vacuum">ultra-high vacuum</a> applications, which makes it suitable for aerospace, automotive, and chemical industries.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PEEK is used in <a href="Medical_implant" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical implant">medical implants</a>, for example in creating a partial replacement skull in neurosurgical applications.

</p><p>PEEK is used in <a href="Spinal_fusion" title="Spinal fusion">spinal fusion</a> devices and reinforcing rods.<sup id="cite_ref-space_probe_use_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-space_probe_use-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is <a href="Radiodensity" title="Radiodensity">radiolucent</a>, but it is hydrophobic causing it to not fully fuse with bone.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PEEK seals and manifolds are commonly used in fluid applications. PEEK also performs well in high temperature applications (up to 260 °C/500 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of this and its low thermal conductivity, it is also used in <a href="Fused_filament_fabrication" title="Fused filament fabrication">fused filament fabrication</a> (FFF) printing to thermally separate the hot end from the cold end.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Processing_options">Processing options</h2></div>

<p>PEEK melts at a relatively high temperature (343 °C / 649.4 °F) compared to most other thermoplastics. In the range of its melting temperature it can be processed using <a href="Injection_moulding" title="Injection moulding">injection moulding</a> or <a href="Extrusion" title="Extrusion">extrusion</a> methods. It is technically feasible to process granular PEEK into filament form and 3D printing parts from the filament material using <a href="Fused_deposition_modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Fused deposition modeling">fused deposition modeling</a> – FDM (or fused filament fabrication – FFF) technology.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PEEK filaments have been demonstrated for producing medical devices up to class <a href="Medical_devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical devices">IIa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With this new filament, it is possible to use the FFF method for different medical applications like <a href="Dentures" title="Dentures">dentures</a>.

</p><p>In its solid state PEEK is readily machinable, for example, by <a href="CNC" class="mw-redirect" title="CNC">CNC</a> <a href="Milling_machines" class="mw-redirect" title="Milling machines">milling machines</a> and is commonly used to produce high-quality plastic parts that are thermostable and both electrically and thermally insulating. Filled grades of PEEK can also be CNC machined, but special care must be taken to properly manage stresses in the material.

</p><p>PEEK is a <a href="High-performance_plastics" title="High-performance plastics">high-performance polymer</a>, but its high price, due to its complex production process, restricts its use to only the most demanding applications.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shape-memory_PEEK_in_biomechanical_applications">Shape-memory PEEK in biomechanical applications</h2></div>

<p>PEEK is not traditionally a <a href="Shape-memory_polymer" title="Shape-memory polymer">shape-memory polymer</a>; however, recent advances in processing have allowed shape-memory behaviour in PEEK with mechanical activation. This technology has expanded to applications in <a href="Orthopaedic_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthopaedic surgery">orthopaedic surgery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_VegtGovaert2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">van der Vegt, A.K.; Govaert, L.E. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.tue.nl/en/publications/polymeren-van-keten-tot-kunststof"><i>Polymeren, van keten tot kunstof</i></a> (in Dutch) (5th ed.). DUP Blue. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>90-407-2388-5</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.victrex.com/en/news/2018/11/40-years-of-peek-success">"Victrex celebrates 40 years of PEEK success"</a>. <i>Victrex</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-01</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://drakeplastics.com/peek/">"Why PEEK?"</a>. <i>drakeplastics.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Polymers,_High-Temperature-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Polymers,_High-Temperature_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Polymers,_High-Temperature_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_ParkerJan_BussinkHendrik_T._van_de_GrampeGary_W._Wheatley2012" class="citation book cs1">David Parker; Jan Bussink; Hendrik T. van de Grampe; Gary W. Wheatley; Ernst-Ulrich Dorf; Edgar Ostlinning; Klaus Reinking (15 April 2012). <i>Polymers, High-Temperature</i>. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a21_449.pub3">10.1002/14356007.a21_449.pub3</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3527306732</bdi>.</cite> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKemmish2010" class="citation book cs1">Kemmish, David (2010). <i>Update on the Technology and Applications of PolyArylEtherKetones</i>. ISmithers. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-84735-408-2</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.makeitfrom.com/material-data/?for=Polyetheretherketone-PEEK">Material Properties Data: Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)</a>, www.makeitfrom.com.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBlummLindemannSchopper2008" class="citation conference cs1">Blumm, J.; Lindemann, A.; Schopper, A. (2008). "Influence of the CNT content on the thermophysical properties of PEEK-CNT composites". <i>Proceedings of the 29th Japan Symposium on Thermophysical Properties, October 8–10, 2008, Tokyo</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">306–</span>8. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0911-1743">0911-1743</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPatelHullMcCabeFlath2010" class="citation journal cs1">Patel, Parina; Hull, T. Richard; McCabe, Richard W.; Flath, Dianne; Grasmeder, John; Percy, Mike (May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/1919/1/Hull_Patel_PEEK_Decomposition_Review_1.pdf">"Mechanism of thermal decomposition of poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) from a review of decomposition studies"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Polymer Degradation and Stability</i>. <b>95</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">709–</span>718. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.polymdegradstab.2010.01.024">10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.01.024</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificspine.com/spinal-materials/peek.html">"PEEK (Polyether Ether Ketone)"</a>. <i>www.scientificspine.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-06</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-space_probe_use-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-space_probe_use_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLauzon2012" class="citation web cs1">Lauzon, Michael (May 4, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plasticsnews.com/article/20120504/NEWS/305049956">"Diversified Plastics Inc., PEEK playing role in space probe"</a>. <i>PlasticsNews.com</i>. <a href="Crain_Communications_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Crain Communications Inc">Crain Communications Inc</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thespinemarketgroup.com/10-porous-tlif-cages-to-know/">"10 Porous TLIF cages to Know...!"</a>. <i>SPINEMarketGroup</i>. 2020-02-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-06</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uplandfab.com/peek-machining">"Properties of PEEK Material"</a>. <i>www.uplandfab.com</i>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNewsom2014" class="citation web cs1">Newsom, Michael (24 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.solvay.com/en/media/press_releases/20140324-Arevo.html">"Arevo Labs announces Carbon Fiber and Nanotube-reinforced High Performance materials for 3D Printing Process"</a>. <i>Solvay Press Releases</i>. LouVan Communications Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFThryft" class="citation web cs1">Thryft, Ann. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160202074713/http://www.designnews.com/author.asp?section_id=1392&doc_id=272706&dfpPParams=ind_183,industry_aero,industry_gov,industry_medical,bid_27,aid_272706&dfpLayout=blog&dfpPParams=ind_183,industry_aero,industry_gov,industry_medical,bid_27,aid_272706&dfpLayout=blog">"3D Printing High-Strength Carbon Composites Using PEEK, PAEK"</a>. Design News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.designnews.com/author.asp?section_id=1392&doc_id=272706&dfpPParams=ind_183,industry_aero,industry_gov,industry_medical,bid_27,aid_272706&dfpLayout=blog&dfpPParams=ind_183,industry_aero,industry_gov,industry_medical,bid_27,aid_272706&dfpLayout=blog">the original</a> on 2 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indmatec.com/press/peek-filament-medtec">Press release Indmatec PEEK MedTec</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFYinZhangLiewWu2008" class="citation journal cs1">Yin, Jun; Zhang, Aiqing; Liew, Kong Yong; Wu, Lihua (2008). "Synthesis of poly(ether ether ketone) assisted by microwave irradiation and its characterization". <i>Polymer Bulletin</i>. <b>61</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">157–</span>163. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00289-008-0942-6">10.1007/s00289-008-0942-6</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1436-2449">1436-2449</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:97563069">97563069</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAnonymous" class="citation journal cs1">Anonymous. "Surgical Technologies; MedShape Solutions, Inc. Announces First FDA-cleared Shape Memory PEEK Device; Closing of $10M Equity Offering". <i>Medical Letter on the CDC & FDA</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Plastics171" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Plastics171" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Plastic" title="Plastic">Plastics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chemical <br>types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Acrylonitrile_butadiene_styrene" title="Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene">Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)</a></li>

<li><a href="Cross-linked_polyethylene" title="Cross-linked polyethylene">Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX, XLPE)</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethylene-vinyl_acetate" title="Ethylene-vinyl acetate">Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)</a></li>

<li><a href="Poly(methyl_methacrylate)" title="Poly(methyl methacrylate)">Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)</a></li>

<li><a href="Poly(ethyl_methacrylate)" title="Poly(ethyl methacrylate)">Poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA)</a></li>

<li><a href="Polyacrylic_acid" title="Polyacrylic acid">Polyacrylic acid (PAA)</a></li>

<li><a href="Polyamide" title="Polyamide">Polyamide (PA)</a></li>

<li><a href="Polybutylene" title="Polybutylene">Polybutylene (PB)</a></li>

<li><a href="Polybutylene_terephthalate" title="Polybutylene terephthalate">Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT)</a></li>

<li><a href="Polycarbonate" title="Polycarbonate">Polycarbonate (PC)</a></li>

<li><a href="PEEK" class="mw-redirect" title="PEEK">Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)</a></li>

<li><a href="Polyester" title="Polyester">Polyester (PEs)</a></li>

<li><a href="Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">Polyethylene (PE)</a></li>

<li><a href="Polyethylene_terephthalate" title="Polyethylene terephthalate">Polyethylene terephthalate (PET, PETE)</a></li>

<li><a href="Polyimide" title="Polyimide">Polyimide (PI)</a></li>

<li><a href="Polylactic_acid" title="Polylactic acid">Polylactic acid (PLA)</a></li>

<li><a href="Polyoxymethylene" title="Polyoxymethylene">Polyoxymethylene (POM)</a></li>

<li><a href="Polyphenyl_ether" title="Polyphenyl ether">Polyphenyl ether (PPE)</a></li>

<li><a href="Poly(p-phenylene_oxide)" title="Poly(p-phenylene oxide)">Poly(p-phenylene oxide) (PPO)</a></li>

<li><a href="Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">Polypropylene (PP)</a></li>

<li><a href="Polystyrene" title="Polystyrene">Polystyrene (PS)</a></li>

<li><a href="Polysulfone" title="Polysulfone">Polysulfone (PES)</a></li>

<li><a href="Polytetrafluoroethylene" title="Polytetrafluoroethylene">Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)</a></li>

<li><a href="Polyurethane" title="Polyurethane">Polyurethane (PU)</a></li>

<li><a href="Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)</a></li>

<li><a href="Polyvinylidene_chloride" title="Polyvinylidene chloride">Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC)</a></li>

<li><a href="Styrene_maleic_anhydride" title="Styrene maleic anhydride">Styrene maleic anhydride (SMA)</a></li>

<li><a href="Styrene-acrylonitrile_resin" title="Styrene-acrylonitrile resin">Styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN)</a></li>

<li><a href="Tritan_copolyester" title="Tritan copolyester">Tritan copolyester</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span><br><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mechanical <br>types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Thermoplastic" title="Thermoplastic">Thermoplastic</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermosetting_polymer" title="Thermosetting polymer">Thermosetting polymer</a></li>

<li><a href="Fibre-reinforced_plastic" title="Fibre-reinforced plastic">Fibre-reinforced plastic</a></li>

<li><a href="Corrugated_plastic" title="Corrugated plastic">Corrugated plastic</a></li>

<li><a href="Polymeric_foam" title="Polymeric foam">Polymeric foam</a></li>

<li><a href="High-performance_plastics" title="High-performance plastics">High-performance plastics</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Additives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Plastic#Additives" title="Plastic">Polymer additive</a></li>

<li><a href="Plastic_colorant" title="Plastic colorant">Colorants</a></li>

<li><a href="Plasticizer" title="Plasticizer">Plasticizer</a></li>

<li><a href="Polymer_stabilizers" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymer stabilizers">Polymer stabilizers</a></li>

<li><a href="Biodegradable_additives" title="Biodegradable additives">Biodegradable additives</a></li>

<li><a href="Filler_(materials)" title="Filler (materials)">Filler (materials)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plastics <br>processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Injection_moulding" title="Injection moulding">Injection moulding</a></li>

<li><a href="Plastic_extrusion" title="Plastic extrusion">Plastic extrusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Blow_molding" title="Blow molding">Blow molding</a></li>

<li><a href="Film_blowing_machine" title="Film blowing machine">Film blowing</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermoforming" title="Thermoforming">Thermoforming</a></li>

<li><a href="Compression_molding" title="Compression molding">Compression molding</a></li>

<li><a href="Calendering_(textiles)" title="Calendering (textiles)">Calendering</a></li>

<li><a href="Transfer_molding" title="Transfer molding">Transfer molding</a></li>

<li><a href="Lamination" title="Lamination">Laminating</a></li>

<li><a href="Fiberglass_molding" title="Fiberglass molding">Fiberglass molding</a></li>

<li><a href="Pultrusion" title="Pultrusion">Pultrusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Plastic_welding" title="Plastic welding">Plastic welding</a></li>

<li><a href="Filament_winding" title="Filament winding">Filament winding</a></li>

<li><a href="Solvent_bonding" title="Solvent bonding">Solvent bonding</a></li>

<li><a href="Vacuum_forming" title="Vacuum forming">Vacuum forming</a></li>

<li><a href="Rotational_molding" title="Rotational molding">Rotational molding</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Plastics_industry" title="Plastics industry">Plastics industry</a> segments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Commodity_plastics" title="Commodity plastics">Commodity plastics</a></li>

<li><a href="Plastics_in_the_construction_industry" title="Plastics in the construction industry">Construction</a></li>

<li><a href="Engineering_plastic" title="Engineering plastic">Engineering plastics</a></li>

<li><a href="Geosynthetics" title="Geosynthetics">Geosynthetics</a></li>

<li><a href="High-performance_plastics" title="High-performance plastics">High-performance plastics</a></li>

<li><a href="Nurdle_(bead)" title="Nurdle (bead)">Nurdle</a></li>

<li>Category:Plastics applications</li>

<li><a href="Plasticulture" title="Plasticulture">Plasticulture</a> (Agriculture)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific goods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Blister_pack" title="Blister pack">Blister pack</a></li>

<li><a href="Monobloc_(chair)" title="Monobloc (chair)">Chairs</a></li>

<li><a href="Plastic_film" title="Plastic film">Packaging film</a></li>

<li><a href="Plastic_bottle" title="Plastic bottle">Bottles</a></li>

<li><a href="Plastic_cutlery" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic cutlery">Cutlery</a></li>

<li><a href="Plastic_shopping_bag" title="Plastic shopping bag">Shopping bags</a></li>

<li><a href="Foam_food_container" title="Foam food container">Foam food containers</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment <br>and health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Health_issues_of_plastics_and_polyhalogenated_compounds_(PHCs)228" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Health_issues_of_plastics_and_polyhalogenated_compounds_(PHCs)228" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Health issues of <a href="Plastic" title="Plastic">plastics</a> and <a href="Polyhalogenated_compound" title="Polyhalogenated compound">polyhalogenated compounds</a> (PHCs)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Plasticizer" title="Plasticizer">Plasticizers</a>: <a href="Phthalate" class="mw-redirect" title="Phthalate">Phthalates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous plasticizers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Organophosphate" title="Organophosphate">Organophosphates</a></li>

<li><a href="Adipic_acid" title="Adipic acid">Adipates</a> (<a href="Bis(2-ethylhexyl)_adipate" title="Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate">DEHA</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Monomer" title="Monomer">Monomers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">Bisphenol A</a> (BPA, in <a href="Polycarbonate" title="Polycarbonate">Polycarbonates</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Vinyl_chloride" title="Vinyl chloride">Vinyl chloride</a> (in <a href="Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">PVC</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous additives incl. PHCs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Polybrominated_diphenyl_ethers" title="Polybrominated diphenyl ethers">PBDEs</a></li>

<li><a href="Organotin" class="mw-redirect" title="Organotin">Organotins</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Perfluorooctanoic_acid" title="Perfluorooctanoic acid">Perfluorooctanoic acid</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Plastic#Toxicity" title="Plastic">Health issues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Teratogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Teratogen">Teratogen</a></li>

<li><a href="Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">Carcinogen</a></li>

<li><a href="Endocrine_disruptor" title="Endocrine disruptor">Endocrine disruptor</a></li>

<li><a href="Diabetes" title="Diabetes">Diabetes</a></li>

<li><a href="Obesity" title="Obesity">Obesity</a></li>

<li><a href="Polymer_fume_fever" title="Polymer fume fever">Polymer fume fever</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pollution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic pollution</a>

<ul><li><a href="Rubber_pollution" title="Rubber pollution">Rubber pollution</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Great_Pacific_Garbage_Patch" title="Great Pacific Garbage Patch">Great Pacific Garbage Patch</a></li>

<li><a href="Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li>

<li><a href="Polychlorinated_dibenzodioxins" title="Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins">Dioxins</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_environmental_health_hazards" class="mw-redirect" title="List of environmental health hazards">List of environmental health hazards</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="1986_California_Proposition_65" title="1986 California Proposition 65">California Proposition 65</a></li>

<li><a href="Registration%2C_Evaluation%2C_Authorisation_and_Restriction_of_Chemicals" title="Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals">European REACH regulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Kashinhou" title="Kashinhou">Japan Toxic Substances Law</a></li>

<li><a href="Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976" title="Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976">Toxic Substances Control Act</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Waste</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic pollution</a>

<ul><li><a href="Garbage_patch" title="Garbage patch">Garbage patch</a>

<ul><li><a href="Great_Pacific_Garbage_Patch" title="Great Pacific Garbage Patch">Great Pacific Garbage Patch</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li>

<li><a href="Dioxins_and_dioxin-like_compounds" title="Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds">Dioxins</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_environmental_health_hazards" class="mw-redirect" title="List of environmental health hazards">List of environmental health hazards</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Plastic_recycling" title="Plastic recycling">Plastic recycling</a></li>

<li><a href="Biodegradable_plastic" title="Biodegradable plastic">Biodegradable plastic</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="Resin_identification_code" title="Resin identification code">Identification codes</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-05-12" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Polyether_ether_ketone&oldid=1290032924">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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